Sunday, October 24, 2010
Aurora
God's spectacular display of light and color, Aurora
Shot Wave Diathermy (SWD)
The applications of physics in the treatment using physiotherapy techniques are in numerous in number. The treatment methodology is so easy and doesn't cause any pain to the patients. All equipment that is used in treatment has an underlying impact of the principle of physics.
The medical use of high frequency electrical currents has been traced back to 1892. In the same year in Paris
A short diathermy current has a frequency of between 107 and 108 Hz and setup radio waves with a wavelength of between 30m and 3m. The use of any current within this range is called as “Short Wave Diathermy”, but that commonly used for medical work has a frequency of 27120000 Hz (27.12 MHz) and setup a radio wave with a wavelength of 11m. This current is generated in a machine circuit, which in turn is coupled to a patient (resonator) circuit, which is used to treat the patient, provide a suitable method of application is chosen. Shot Wave Diathermy provides as deep a form of heat as any available to the physiotherapist. It uses high frequency current for its usage.Among the different equipment available for the treatment, the SWD device, though, a little bulky, has the blessing of quicker recovery of the patients. The reports of the case study indicate that SWD is the best method of treating the back pain, pain in motor region etc.
In the modern world, the treatment through physiotherapy is gaining importance. If the devices used for treating physiotherapy cases were designed in such a way that they support portability and make use of the many technological revolutions, based on principles of physics, the field of physiotherapy will grow rapidly and the percentage of recovery of the patients would also go high. These devices are useful to treat the problems of common people at low cost. By improving the techniques further, it will be possible to cure many complicated and chronic diseases effectively at low cost.
The Nobel Prize in Physics
| 1901 | Wilhelm C. Röntgen | |
| 1902 | Hendrik A. Lorentz Pieter Zeeman | |
| 1903 | Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Curie | Poland-France |
| 1904 | John W. Strutt | |
| 1905 | Philipp E. A. von Lenard | |
| 1906 | Sir Joseph J. Thomson | |
| 1907 | Albert A. Michelson | |
| 1908 | Gabriel Lippmann | |
| 1909 | Carl F. Braun Guglielmo Marconi | |
| 1910 | Johannes D. van der Waals | |
| 1911 | Wilhelm Wien | |
| 1912 | Nils G. Dalen | |
| 1913 | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | |
| 1914 | Max von Laue | |
| 1915 | Sir William H. Bragg Sir William L. Bragg | |
| 1916 | | |
| 1917 | Charles G. Barkla | |
| 1918 | Max K. E. L. Planck | |
| 1919 | Johannes Stark | |
| 1920 | Charles E. Guillaume | |
| 1921 | Germany-United States | |
| 1922 | Niels Bohr | |
| 1923 | Robert A. Millikan | |
| 1924 | Karl M. G. Siegbahn | |
| 1925 | James Franck Gustav Hertz | |
| 1926 | Jean B. Perrin | |
| 1927 | Arthur H. Compton Charles T. R. Wilson | |
| 1928 | Owen W. Richardson | |
| 1929 | Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie | |
| 1930 | Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman | |
| 1931 | | |
| 1932 | Werner Heisenberg | |
| 1933 | Paul A. M. Dirac Erwin Schrodinger | |
| 1934 | | |
| 1935 | Sir James Chadwick | |
| 1936 | Carl D. Anderson Victor F. Hess | |
| 1937 | Sir George P. Thomson | |
| 1938 | Enrico Fermi | Italy-United States |
| 1939 | Ernest O. Lawrence | |
| 1940 | | |
| 1941 | | |
| 1942 | | |
| 1943 | Otto Stern | |
| 1944 | Isidor Isaac Rabi | |
| 1945 | Wolfgang Pauli | |
| 1946 | Percy W. Bridgman | |
| 1947 | Sir Edward V. Appleton | |
| 1948 | Patrick M. S. Blackett | |
| 1949 | Hideki Yukawa | |
| 1950 | Cecil F. Powell | |
| 1951 | Sir John D. Cockroft Ernest T. S. Walton | |
| 1952 | Felix Bloch Edward M. Purcell | |
| 1953 | Frits Zernike | |
| 1954 | Max Born Walter Bothe | |
| 1955 | Polykarp Kusch Willis E. Lamb | |
| 1956 | John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Shockley | |
| 1957 | Tsung-dao Lee Chen Ning Yang | |
| 1958 | Pavel Cherenkov Ilya Frank Igor Y. Tamm | Soviet Union Soviet Union |
| 1959 | Owen Chamberlain Emilio G. Segrée | |
| 1960 | Donald A. Glaser | |
| 1961 | Robert Hofstadter Rudolf L. Mössbauer | |
| 1962 | Lev D. Landau | |
| 1963 | Maria Goeppert-Mayer Eugene P. Wigner J. Hans D. Jensen | |
| 1964 | Nikolai G. Basov Aleksander M. Prochorov Charles H. Townes | Soviet Union United States |
| 1965 | Richard P. Feynman Julian S. Schwinger Shinichiro Tomonaga | |
| 1966 | Alfred Kastler | |
| 1967 | Hans A. Bethe | |
| 1968 | Luis W. Alvarez | |
| 1969 | | |
| 1970 | Louis Néel Hannes Alfvén | |
| 1971 | Dennis Gabor | |
| 1972 | John Bardeen Leon N. Cooper John R. Schrieffer | |
| 1973 | Ivar Giaever Leo Esaki Brian D. Josephson | |
| 1974 | Martin Ryle | |
| 1975 | James Rainwater Ben Mottelson Aage Bohr | United States-Denmark |
| 1976 | Samuel C. C. Ting | |
| 1977 | John H. Van Vleck Philip W. Anderson Nevill F. Mott | |
| 1978 | Pyotr Kapitsa Arno Penzias Robert Wilson | Soviet Union United States |
| 1979 | Steven Weinberg Sheldon L. Glashow Abdus Salam | |
| 1980 | James W. Cronin Val L. Fitch | |
| 1981 | Nicolaas Bloembergen Arthur Schaalow Kai M. Siegbahn | |
| 1982 | Kenneth G. Wilson | |
| 1983 | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar William A. Fowler | |
| 1984 | Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer | |
| 1985 | Klaus von Klitzing | |
| 1986 | Ernest Ruska Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer | |
| 1987 | K. Alex Müller J. Georg Bednorz | |
| 1988 | Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz Jack Steinberger | |
| 1989 | Norman F. Ramsey Hans G. Dehmelt Wolfgang Paul | Germany-United States |
| 1990 | Richard E. Taylor Jerome I. Friedman Henry W. Kendall | United States |
| 1991 | Pierre-Giles de Gennes | |
| 1992 | Georges Charpak | Poland-France |
| 1993 | Joseph H. Taylor Russell A. Hulse | |
| 1994 | Bertram N. Brockhouse Clifford G. Shull | |
| 1995 | Martin Perl Frederick Reines | |
| 1996 | David M. Lee Douglas D. Osheroff Robert C. Richardson | |
| 1997 | Steven William D. Phillips Claude Cohen-Tannoudji | |
| 1998 | Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer Daniel C. Tsui | |
| 1999 | Gerardus 't Hooft Martinus J.G. Veltman | |
| 2000 | Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby | |
THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS
The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of the six fundamental right that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution. This right allow every citizen of India to have a cultural and education upto where that person wants. This fundamental right is described in the constitution as:
Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part there of having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.
No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of any educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause.
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES
| YEAR | DISCOVERY | PHYSICIST |
| 1750 | NATURE OF LIGHTNING | |
| 1798 | CAVENDISH EXPERIMENT:MEASUREMENT OF G | CAVENDISH |
| 1800 | | |
| 1820 | FRAUNHOFER LINES | FRAUNHOFER |
| 1831 | ELECTRIC DYNAMO | FARADAY |
| 1833 | WHEATSTONE BRIDGE | WHEATSTONE |
| 1834 | ELECTRIC MOTOR | JACOBI |
| 1841 | POTENTIOMETER | POGGENDORF |
| 1842 | DOPPLER EFFECT | DOPPLER |
| 1845 | ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT | JAMES CLERK MAXWELL |
| 1847 | KIRCHOFF’S LAWS OF ELECTRICITY | KIRCHOFF |
| 1857 | KINETIC THEORY | CLAUSIUS |
| 1861 | ANDREW’S EXPERIMENT WITH CO2 | ANDREWS |
| 1865 | ENTROPY | CLASSIUS |
| 1872 | VANDER | VANDER |
| 1879 | DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY OF LIGHT | MICHELSON |
| 1879 | CATHODE RAY TUBE | CROOKES |
| 1882 | DIFFRACTION GRATTING | ROWLAND |
| 1885 | TRANSFORMER | |
| 1887 | WIRELESS WAVES | HERTZ |
| 1895 | X – RAYS | ROENTGEN |
| 1896 | RADIOACTIVITY | BECQUEREL |
| 1897 | CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE | BROWN |
| 1897 | MEASUREMENT OF e/m FOR THE ELECTRON | THOMSON |
| 1898 | RADIUM DISCOVERED | CURIES |
| 1900 | QUANTUM THEORY | PLANCK |
| 1901 | BLACK BODY CURVE | PLANCK |
| 1905 | THEORY OF RELATIVITY | EINSTEIN |
| 1911 | SUPERCONDUCTIVITY | HEIKE KAMARLINGH ONNES |
| 1912 | CLOUD CHAMBER | |
| 1912 | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | LAUE |
| 1913 | X-RAY SPECTROMETER | BRAGG |
| 1925 | EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE | PAULI |
| 1929 | TELEVISION TUBE | ZWORYKIN |
| 1929 | ELECTROSTATIC ACCELERATOR | COCKCROFT & WALTON |
| 1930 | QUANTUM MECHANICS | DIRAC |
| 1931 | NEUTRINO | PAULI |
| 1932 | CYCLOTRON | |
| 1932 | NEUTRON | CHADWICK |
| 1938 | SUPER FLUIDITY | KAPITZA |
| 1938 | NUCLEAR FISSION | HAHN & STRASSMAN |
| 1948 | TRANSISTOR | BARDEEN, BRATTAIN & SHOCKLEY |
| 1952 | BUBBLE CHAMBER | GLASER |
| 1955 | UNIFIED FIELD THEORY | EINSTEIN |
| 1960 | RUBY LASER | THEODORE MAIMAN |
| 1985 | 1000 G eV ACCELERATOR | FERMILAB |
| 1987 | 4.2 m TELESCOPE | WILLIAM HERSCHEL |
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